When exposed to biofilm, neutrophils fail to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like structures of DNA, histones, and proteins capable of fungal killing. albicans biofilms inhibit the activity of neutrophils, leukocytes critical for protection from Candida. These infections are notoriously difficult to eradicate and little is known about how they evade host defenses. avidly adhere to medical device surfaces, forming resilient, drug-tolerant biofilms which are encased in a protective extracellular matrix. albicans biofilms impair neutrophil response through an inhibitory pathway induced by the extracellular matrix.Ĭandida spp. albicans pmr1Δ/Δ, defective in production of matrix mannan, appeared to elicit a greater abundance of NETs by scanning electron microscopy imaging, which correlated with a decreased fungal burden. The clinical relevance of the role for extracellular matrix in diminishing NET production was corroborated in vivo using a rat catheter model. The degree of impaired NET release correlated with resistance to neutrophil attack. Biofilm inhibition of NETosis could not be overcome by protein kinase C activation via phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and was associated with suppression of neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. NET inhibition depended on an intact extracellular biofilm matrix as physical or genetic disruption of this component resulted in NET release. Time lapse imaging confirmed the impairment in NET release and revealed neutrophils adhering to hyphae and migrating on the biofilm. albicans, biofilms triggered negligible release of NETs.
![extracellular matrix extracellular matrix](https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/778057963420254209/rX3dHyS1_400x400.jpg)
Considering the resilience of Candida biofilms to host defenses, we examined the neutrophil response to C. These complexes composed of DNA, histones, and proteins inhibit Candida growth and dissemination.
![extracellular matrix extracellular matrix](http://apbiocellorganelles.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/9/9/58996591/5267399.jpg)
Neutrophils release extracellular traps (NETs) in response to planktonic C.